《景观设计学》2021年第5期

从黏菌到Meta——《景观设计学》2021年第5期“主编寄语”

From Slime Mold to Meta, by Yu Kongjian

最近的两则新闻令我脑洞大开，一则是来自《哈佛大学校刊》（Harvard Magazine）有关黏菌（Slime Mold）空间感知和决策智慧的最新研究成果[1]，另一则是脸书创始人马克•扎克伯格发布的将Facebook改名为Meta的消息。这两件事情虽风马牛不相及，却都挑战了我们对于人类空间认知、决策和设计的许多固有观念。

黏菌是一种没有大脑和神经系统的单细胞生物，在中国古代文献中被称作“鬼屎”，最早记载于唐代陈藏器所著的《本草拾遗》[2]。21世纪初，日本科学家发现它们具有超乎人类的空间感知能力—能够迅速设计最短取食路线，走出迷宫：首先，黏菌伸展自己的菌体以覆盖整个迷宫平面，一旦发现食物，就会缩回除最短路径之外的其余部分[3]~[5]。通过这种方法，黏菌能绘制出堪比东京地铁线路图般复杂且最优的联系网络。如果这可以理解为最原始的刺激－反应过程的话，那么《哈佛大学校刊》报道的这项实验发现则令人匪夷所思：黏菌居然能隔空感知远方物体的质量，并以此决定菌体延展的方向，这表现出这种低等生物的空间感知、决策和设计能力，也就是一种尽量在避免无效消耗菌体物质与能量的条件下，提前设计行动路线的能力。同时，黏菌能够在这一过程中形成异常优美的菌体形态—从人类对于任何艺术的审美标准（诸如色彩、形态的对比与平衡关系）来讲都可谓美不胜收。这让我产生了多个联想：

第一个联想是前不久媒体曝光某快递公司用了类似的刺激－反应方法，通过奖励发现更短路线的快递员，制造“内卷”，不断压缩投递时间，试图通过牺牲快递员的个人利益实现公司整体收益的增长。这是一种听起来有些残酷的试错机制，但这也是一种基于大数据的方法，在这方面，黏菌的决策能力一点不比人类差。

第二个联想是黏菌的空间感知和决策过程如同中国围棋这类空间游戏。2016年的围棋人机大战证明，人类在游戏空间的认知方面完全败给了机器—可能有人会认为，人类在空间认知方面似乎既不如最低等的单细胞生物，也不如没有生命的、只能识别0或1的机器。

第三个联想，从进化论—也是认知心理学和景观认知的基本出发点—的角度来看，人类的空间认知能力及审美与动物一样，源于觅食或繁殖的本能。所以，正如黏菌用美丽的菌体形态来注解对生存的欲望及本能，人类通过其在空间中的运动轨迹和美的环境的设计，表达自身的生存欲望和本能。在这层意义上，人类与黏菌在本质上并无区别。

第四个联想，基于对食物和生存欲望的空间感知，黏菌在实验中表现出了物理上的高效性和平衡关系，进而让人感受到美，这似乎为人类的空间和景观审美找到了依据，这也解释了为什么围棋的空间布局也同样具有美的逻辑。

正是基于这几点联想，第二则新闻就变得意味深长了。Facebook提倡的元宇宙（Metaverse）是一个虚拟时空集合[6]，由一系列的增强现实、虚拟现实和物联网技术所组成，当然还要借助智慧眼镜等工具来实现[7]。尽管不可回避的是，元宇宙起源于娱乐和游戏，但它将不同时空的人联系在一起，使人类活动摆脱了时间和物理空间的约束：时空环境不再是人类活动场景的预设，而可以是某些奇幻浪漫的设计，诸如在热带雨林里或月球上约会、在海底或火山口聚餐、在云上开董事会，等等。作为城市空间认知的鼻祖，凯文•林奇在20世纪60年代探讨了城市意象：如何增加城市的可辨识性，以帮助人们认路并形成空间认知地图[8]。这一研究对当代城市空间的设计产生了巨大影响。而在元宇宙中，城市意象似乎失去了意义，人们也无需凭借脑中的认知地图去寻找车站、餐厅、约会的酒吧，或造访名胜景点，一切空间营造和景观尽在指间以及智慧工具之中。城市空间和景观设计的原则将面临新的挑战。

接下来的问题是，随着元宇宙—即后宇宙、超宇宙—时代的到来，失去时间感和地域感的人类活动是否仍具有意义？失去以地域、空间和时间为载体的人类文化后，人与黏菌还有什么区别！地理学和景观认知领域均强调空间的可辨识性、可探索性及可参与性；地理认知领域所强调的场所性和场所感取决于地域特色和认同感，以及空间的定位和方向感[9]。场所精神（Genius Loci）作为建筑与景观设计的核心概念，取决于给定的天时及地利条件，即天地之间的立锥之地（The Given）[10]。失去了地域性和场所性，如何让元宇宙中的人类活动具有意义？这似乎成为了一个新的设计问题。

^{Recently, I am inspired by two pieces of news: one is the latest findings about the spatial sense and decision-making machinery of slime molds reported by Harvard Magazine[1]; and the other is Mark Zuckerberg’s announcement that Facebook is renaming to Meta. Although the two pieces of news seem share nothing in common, they both challenge the public’s awareness about human’s ability of spatial cognition, decision, and design.}

^{Slime mold, a single-cell organism without brain or nervous system, was described as “鬼屎” (Demon’s droppings) in ancient Chinese literature and earliest recorded in Materia Medica Supplements by Chen Zangqi in the Tang Dynasty[2]. In the early 21st Century, Japanese scientists found that slime molds have an extraordinary ability of spatial sense, even better than humans’: they can quickly work out the minimum-length solutions to food and maze solving. After changing their shapes to cover the entire maze, slime molds can retract other cytoplasm except that on the shortest path to the food.[3]~[5] In this way, slime molds can come up with optimal connections as sophisticated as the Tokyo subway network. If we take slime molds’ behavior as a primal stimulus–response process, the discovery reported in the Harvard Magazine is stunning: slime molds can perceive the mass of distant objects across space, and then decide the direction for extension. All these behaviors demonstrate this unicellular eukaryote’s ability to spatially perceive, decide, and design—in other words, slime molds are able to design an optimal route in advance without extra consumption of material or energy. Meanwhile, during the process, the colony shapes are exceptionally beautiful, in respect of any aesthetic standards of human art (e.g., the contrast and balance of colors and forms).} 

^{This news arouses my profound reflections. First, a similar stimulus–response approach was employed in a Chinese express company which encourages expressmen to shorten delivery times by rewarding the ones who discovered shorter delivery routes. This might increase the company’s profits, but would lead to unhealthy competition and compromise expressmen’s benefits. This seemingly cruel trial-and-error technique, however, is a big data method. Accordingly, slime molds are not inferior to humans in ability of decision making.}

^{Second, slime molds’ spatial sense and decision-making process is similar to the playing of Chinese Go. The 2016 match between AlphaGo and Lee Sedol evidenced that machines surpass humans in the cognition of game spaces. One might argue that, in terms of spatial cognition, human beings’ ability seems to be inferior to both single-cell organisms and inanimate machines that are programed with 0 and 1.}

^{Moreover, from the perspective of Evolutionism—also the basis of Cognitive Psychology and Landscape Cognition—human’s spatial cognition and aesthetics come from their instinct for food or reproduction, as other animals. As slime molds’ behaviors for survival by changing colony shapes, humans’ desires for survival are projected in their spatial trajectories of movement and designs of beautiful environment. In this sense, there is no essential difference between human beings and slime molds.}

^{Lastly, in previous experiment, the spatial sense of slime molds, for food and survival, also represents their physical efficiency and balance, whose beauty is further appreciated by humans. This could serve as a basis for human aesthetics on spatial layout and landscapes, which also explains the beauty logic of Go board layouts.}

^{The reflections above expand my thoughts on the second piece of news. Facebook’s Metaverse is a virtual set of space–time[6], supported by artificial reality, virtual reality, and Internet of things, via the aid of tools such as smart glasses[7]. Developed from entertainment and game applications though, Metaverse connects people by breaking down temporal and physical constraints on human accessibility. The space–time scenarios for human activities can be extremely romantic, for example, dating in the rainforest or on the moon, dining together with an undersea or volcanic scenery, having a board meeting over the clouds, etc. Kevin Lynch, the founder of urban spatial cognition, discussed city image in the 1960s: how to enhance the imageability of cities so as to facilitate people in way-finding and form spatial cognitive maps[8]. This theory has significantly influenced contemporary urban spatial design. Unfortunately, in the Metaverse, the city image would become meaningless: stations, restaurants, bars or scenic spots would be erased from people’s cognitive maps. All spatial and landscape planning can be realized by fingers and with smart tools. Against this backdrop, urban and landscape design is facing new challenges.}

^{In the age of Metaverse—the post-universe or super-universe—will human activities be as meaningful as before when the sense of time and place is lost? There will be no difference between human beings and slime molds if human culture that roots in place, space, and time disappear! Both Geography and Landscape Cognition value making sense, explorability, and involvement of space. The placeness and the sense of place emphasized in Geography Cognition are defined by regional characteristics and identification, as well as spatial orientation[9]. As a core concept in Architecture and Landscape Design, Genius Loci relies on THE GIVEN temporal and geographical conditions[10]. Thus, a new questions for design is that when locality and placeness no longer matter in the Metaverse, how to make human activities still meaningful.}

^REFERENCES

^{[1] Walecki, N. K. (2021). Can Slime Molds Cogitate? Harvard Magazine, 124(2). Retrieved from https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2021/11/right-now-can-slime-molds-think}

^{[2] Chen, Z. (1983). In Z. Shang (Ed.), The Collection of Materia Medica. Anhui, China: Department of Scientific Research, Wannan Medical College.}

^{[3] Nakagaki, T., Yamada, H., & Toth, A. (2000). Intelligence: Maze-Solving by an Amoeboid Organism. Nature, 407(6803), 470. doi:10.1038/35035159} 

^{[4] Nakagaki, T., Yamada, H., & Toth, A. (2001). Path finding by tube morphogenesis in an amoeboid organism. Biophysical Chemistry, 92(1), 47-52. doi:10.1016/S0301-4622(01)00179-X}

^{[5]Nakagaki, T., Lima, M., Ueda, T., Nishiura, Y., Saigusa, T., Atsushi, T., ... Showalter, K. (2007). Minimum-risk path finding by an adaptive amoebal network. Physical Review Letters, 99(6), 068104. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.068104}

^{[6] Bosworth, A., & Clegg, N. (2021, September 27). Building the mataverse responsibly. Meta. Retrieved from https://about.fb.com/news/2021/09/building-the-metaverse-responsibly/}

^{[7] TechFacebook. (2021, October 28). Connect 2021: Our vision for the metaverse. TechFacebook. Retrieved from https://tech.fb.com/connect-2021-our-vision-for-the-metaverse/}

^{[8] Lynch, K. (1960). The Image of the City. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.}

^{[9] Relph, E. (1976). Place and Placelessness. London, England: Pion Limited.}

^{[10] Norberg-Shulz, C. (1979). Genius Loci: Toward A Phenomenology of Architecture. New York, NY: Rizzoli.}

主编寄语

从黏菌到Meta（俞孔坚）

认知科学推动的建成环境：从审美判断到智慧管控（陈筝）

论文

修复利用游客受雇拍摄法和云图标注应用程序接口探究均质化景观的识别与分类——以日本东京桥区河流景观为例（施佳颖，本條毅，矢泽优里子，古谷胜则）

不同视觉感知自然度水景照片对个体认知的影响（王晓博，金颖，宋旸）

基于机器视觉识别的户外环境情绪感受测度研究（付而康，周佳玟，姚智，李西）

深圳市城市居住单元绿化水平与空间差异研究（古维迎，汤子雄，陈义勇，戴牧野）

观点与评论

以生态健康的文化可持续性为目标进行审美体验设计（李佳阳，琼•艾弗森•纳索尔）

复杂景观的认知与设计：Mapping的作用、逻辑与机制研究（刘京一，张梦晗，李欣怡，陈崇贤）

美杜莎的倒影——《想象之城》书评（陈峥能）

主题实践

基于场所体验的空间营造——深圳市国际山公园街区公共开放空间设计（江湘蓉，秦晓晴，卡特里娜•奥尔蒂兹）

探索与过程

培育数字化集成城市系统：以加拿大卡雷拉瓦尔公园为例（马丁娜•马扎雷洛，法比奥•杜阿尔特，西蒙娜•莫拉，里卡多•阿尔瓦雷斯，卡洛•拉蒂）

撤稿

【中文刊名】《景观设计学》——认知科学与景观设计

【英文刊名】Cognitive Sciences and Landscape Design

【作者】陈筝（CHEN Zheng），施佳颖（SHI Jiaying），王晓博（WANG Xiaobo）等

【出版社】高等教育出版社有限公司

【页码】152页彩色印刷

【刊号】ISSN 2096-336X

【出版日期】2021年10月

【定价】68.00元

利用游客受雇拍摄法和云图标注应用程序接口探究均质化景观的识别与分类

——以日本东京桥区河流景观为例

Recognition and Classification of Homogeneous Landscape With Visitor–Employed Photography and Cloud Image Annotation API—An Example of the Riverscape in Nihonbashi, Tokyo, Japan

作者：施佳颖，本條毅，矢泽优里子，古谷胜则  SHI Jiaying, Tsuyoshi HONJO, Yuriko YAZAWA, Katsunori FURUYA

摘要

对景观照片进行有效的分类是数据处理和环境分析中至关重要的一步。随着地理信息的收集逐渐采用众包模式，越来越多的研究开始利用带有地理标记的照片，将人们对场所的感知与互动可视化，并探究场所的美学、文化和游憩价值。近年来，图像识别机器学习算法的应用极大提高了关键词匹配的效率，并实现了大批量照片的自动分类。然而，这类方法在景观分类实践中—尤其是针对具有相似特点的均质化景观—应用仍显不足。本研究利用谷歌云视觉API和多层次聚类法，研发了一种半自动化的分类器来识别均质化景观照片，并将其应用于日本东京桥区城市河流均质化景观照片的分类中。分类器将所有河流景观划分为9个特征组，这些特征组的视觉印象与人们的直观感知一致。研究中所应用的混淆矩阵显示，分类器分类结果总体上的准确性达82.61%，表明机器分类与人工分类的结果十分相近。因此，该分类器对均质化河流景观照片的分类切实有效。这种方法可大力推动评估过程中的公众参与及城市旅游管理。

关键词

均质化景观；景观特征；图像标注；照片分类；城市河流景观；机器学习；聚类

^Abstract

^{Effective classification of landscape photographs is a vital step in data processing and environment analysis. With the popularity of crowdsourcing geo-information, an increasing number of studies have used geotagged photographs to visualize how people perceive and interact with destinations and explore the aesthetic, cultural, and recreational value of the areas. In recent years, machine-learning algorithms for image recognition have dramatically improved the efficiency of the assignment of keywords and provide possibilities for the automatic classification of numerous photographs. However, the applicability of such methods for the practical landscape classification is still not clear, especially for the photographs presenting a homogeneous landscape that has similar characteristics. This study developed a semi-automatic classifier for homogeneous landscape photographs by using Google Cloud Vision API and multi-level hierarchical clustering. The classifier was applied to the classification of urban riverscape photographs, which is a typical example of homogeneous landscapes in Nihonbashi, Tokyo, Japan. The riverscapes can be classified into 9 characteristic groups by the classifier and the visual impression of these groups matches well with our intuitive feeling. A confusion matrix showed that the overall accuracy was 82.61%, indicating a strong agreement between the classifier and manual classification. Therefore, the classifier is practical for classifying homogeneous riverscape photographs. Such methodology also provides the possibility of public participation in the assessing process, which, in turn, contributes to urban tourism management.}

^Keywords

^{Homogeneous Landscape; Landscape Characteristics; Image Annotation; Photograph Classification; Urban Riverscape; Machine Learning; Clusters}

不同视觉感知自然度水景照片对个体认知的影响

Effects of Pictures With Waterscapes of Varied Visual Perception of Naturalness on Individual Cognition

作者：王晓博，金颖，宋旸  WANG Xiaobo, JIN Ying, SONG Yang

摘要

自然环境有助于提升个体认知，而自然度是环境的一项重要特性。本研究从视觉感知自然度的视角，探究不同视觉感知自然度的水景对个体认知的影响，并尝试通过实验验证如下假设：1）不同自然度水景的主观恢复力存在差异；2）不同自然度水景对于工作记忆的影响有所不同。通过将被试随机分配到高自然度水景、中自然度水景、低自然度水景三个实验组及对照组，本研究采用知觉恢复力量表和恢复结果量表反映环境主观恢复力；运用活动记忆正确率、转换代价、Stroop任务指标反映被试个体工作记忆水平。依据研究过程中所得的不同自然度水平水景的特点和实验结果显示出的不同自然度水景所产生的认知效益特点，本文对指导景观设计实践的资源利用、资金投入等方面，以及人们以不同目的游览水景提供以下建议：1）在资金、生态等条件允许的情况下，应考虑建设水景，发挥其认知效益；2）以高主观恢复力、增强中央执行系统抑制功能为目的时，可优先选择高自然度水景；3）以较高主观恢复力、增强中央执行系统刷新功能为目的时，可优先选择中自然度水景；4）以注重提高注意力恢复水平，提高中央执行系统转换功能为目的时，可优先选择低自然度水平水景。

关键词

视觉感知；自然度；水景；认知；主观恢复力；注意力；工作记忆

^Abstract

^{Natural environments can provide individual cognitive benefits, and naturalness is often regarded as a valued property of environment. This research focuses on the visual perception of naturalness and investigates the impact of waterscapes of varied naturalness levels on people’s cognition, by proposing and verifying two hypotheses: 1) subjective restoration varies across waterscapes of varied naturalness levels; and 2) waterscapes of varied naturalness levels affect people’s working memory accordingly. Through a between-subjects experiment, participants in this research were randomized into three experiment groups (waterscapes of high, medium, and low naturalness level) and the control group, and the Perceived Restorative Scale and the Restoration Outcome Scale are introduced to measure the subjective restoration of the environment. The running memory accuracy, shifting cost, and Stroop task indicators are used to measure an individual’s working memory. According to the characteristics of waterscapes of varied naturalness levels summarized upon the research and the findings on the corresponding cognitive benefits, suggestions are concluded for optimizing resource allocation and investments in landscape design practice, as well as guiding visitors’ usage of waterscapes: 1) waterscapes are recommended in spatial creation for their productive cognitive benefits, if financial and ecological conditions permit; 2) in terms of cognitive benefits, waterscapes of high naturalness level are conducive to high subjective restoration and enhanced inhibition function of central executive system; 3) waterscapes of medium naturalness level can lead to a relatively high subjective restoration and improved updating function of central executive system; and 4) waterscapes of low naturalness level can bring about a better attention restoration and better performance on shifting function of central executive system.}

^Keywords

^{Visual Perception; Naturalness; Waterscape; Cognition; Subjective Restoration; Attention; Working Memory}

基于机器视觉识别的户外环境情绪感受测度研究

Affective Experience Measurement in Outdoor Environment via Machine Visual Cognition

作者：付而康，周佳玟，姚智，李西  FU Erkang, ZHOU Jiawen, YAO Zhi, LI Xi

摘要

良好的户外环境有利于改善人群身心健康，环境中个体情绪感受的实时测度能客观反映人群对户外环境品质的满意程度，但目前应用于户外环境中的情绪感受测度方法还较少，且无法在场地面积大、样本量较多的情境下实现大范围的高效测度。人工智能领域的机器视觉识别可通过视频数据实现对动态面部表情特征的准确识别，使得开展高精度、长周期的户外环境情绪感受测度成为可能。本文以城市社区广场环境为实证实验场地，基于卷积神经网络算法模型，同步收集人群在户外环境体验时的面部视频数据和皮电数据，训练生成和检验测试可判别户外环境中个体面部情绪的深度学习算法模型——编解码器－SVM优化模型，并在街头绿地环境中展开拓展实验检验模型可靠性。研究结果表明：1）实证实验和拓展实验中的人群情绪感受测度准确度分别达到82.01%、65.08%；2）拓展实验证实该算法模型具备推广应用潜力；3）模型对于人群行为丰富、视野开阔的空间更具适用性。因此，基于机器视觉识别的户外环境情绪感受测度将有助于在场地面积较大、样本量较多的情境下揭示人群在环境体验中的心理状态，提升景观品质优化策略的有效性，同时也将为存在沟通或阅读障碍的特殊人群的情绪感受识别提供技术支撑，有望推动智慧城市建设的精细化转型。

关键词

机器视觉识别；户外环境体验；情绪感受测度；卷积神经网络算法模型；健康促进；设计研究

^Abstract

^{Outdoor environments with quality landscapes can benefit people’s physical and mental health. Real-time assessment on individuals’ environmental affective experience can improve the scientism in measuring the quality of outdoor environments. Existing measurement methods are often insufficient for the cases of a larger site area or sample size. The machine visual cognition of Artificial Intelligence can realize the recognition of facial expressions and the changes in video images, which supports high-precision and long-cycle measurements on individuals’ affective experience in outdoor environments. Taking an urban community square as the study site, this research simultaneously collects participants’ facial data from video images and their electrodermal activity data, wherein Convolutional Neural Network algorithm model is trained with a deep learning algorithm, i.e. codec–SVM optimized model, whose reliability is tested through an additional experiment. The research reveals that: 1) The accuracy rate of the main and additional experiments in measuring individuals’ affective experience is 82.01% and 65.08%, respectively; 2) The additional experiment verifies the application potential of the codec–SVM optimized model; And 3) the model works more effective for outdoor scenarios with varying usage behaviors and open views. Therefore, machine visual cognition can be used for emotion measurement in a larger site area or sample size and contributes to the effectiveness of landscape optimization efforts, especially as an instrumental tool to study the affective experience of the ones who have communication or reading disability. The findings also demonstrate the model’s great potential in building Smart Cities with refined public services.}

^Keywords

^{Machine Visual Cognition; Outdoor Environments Experience; Affective Experience Measurement; Convolutional Neural Network Algorithm Model; Health Promotion; Design Research}

深圳市城市居住单元绿化水平与空间差异研究

Research on the Greening Rate and Spatial Differences of Urban Residential Neighborhoods in Shenzhen

作者：古维迎，汤子雄，陈义勇，戴牧野  GU Weiying, TANG Zixiong, CHEN Yiyong, DAI Muye

摘要

居住区绿地是城市居民使用最多的城市绿地类型之一。鉴于既有绿化指标无法准确衡量城市居住区绿化水平的空间差异，本文提出居住单元绿化覆盖率、绿视率、500m范围内的公园绿地率三项居住单元绿化指标，旨在探讨城市绿地服务的公平性问题。研究以2017年的深圳市建成区居住单元为例，利用土地覆被图、街景图片等建立了包含14 196个居住单元的绿化数据库，并测算了每个居住单元的三项绿化指标值，衡量了居住单元绿化水平及其空间差异的影响因素。研究表明：1）三项指标均可独立反映居住单元内部或周边绿化水平；2）居住单元的绿化覆盖率、500m范围内的公园绿地率均较低，绿视率较高；3）不同居住单元内部、500m范围内的公园绿地，以及不同房屋产权类型的居住单元的绿化水平存在较大空间差异，绿地服务的公平性不足；4）居住单元绿化水平受开发强度、房屋产权类型、海拔和区位等地理空间因素影响。研究建议城市绿地布局应考虑与居住单元的空间关系，关注弱势群体的绿地服务质量，并重视居住区绿化指标的多维化，尤其可将500m范围内的公园绿地率作为现有居住区绿化指标体系的补充指标。

关键词

居住单元；居住单元绿化覆盖率；绿视率；500m范围内的公园绿地率；绿化水平；空间差异；深圳

^Abstract

^{Residential green spaces are one of the most frequently used urban green space types. Aiming at filling a gap in the existing greening indicators with considerations on the spatial differences of residential green spaces, as well as to inform the improvement of urban green space service, three greening indicators, i.e. residential unit’s green coverage rate, green view index, and park ratio within a 500 m service radius, are proposed in this paper. This study selects 14,196 residential units in built area of Shenzhen City in 2017 to measure the greening rate and the geographic spatial factors of the units upon multi-sourced geographic databases such as land cover maps and street view images. The research reveals that: 1) the three indicators can all independently measure the greening rate within or around residential units; 2) the studied residential units are low in residential unit’s green coverage rate and park ratio within a 500 m service radius, but high in green view index; 3) there are significant disparities of the greening rate and the surrounding parks in 500 m service radius among the studied units, and among different housing property rights, showing a disequilibrium in green space service; and 4) the greening rate of residential units is mainly impacted by factors such as development intensity, types of housing property right, altitude, and location. In conclusion, it is suggested that urban green space layout should prioritize improving the spatial distribution and layout of residential green spaces, especially for the socially vulnerable population. Finally, the study points out that the park ratio within a 500 m service radius can be adopted as a supplement to existing greening indicators for residential areas.}

^Keywords

^{Residential Neighborhoods; Residential Unit’s Green Coverage Rate; Green View Index; Park Ratio Within a 500 m Service Radius; Greening Rate; Spatial Difference; Shenzhen}

以生态健康的文化可持续性为目标进行审美体验设计

Designing Aesthetic Experiences for the Cultural Sustainability of Ecological Health

作者：李佳阳，琼•艾弗森•纳索尔  LI Jiayang, Joan Iverson NASSAUER

摘要

保障人类福祉和促进生态健康是当代景观设计实践和气候变化适应的两个核心目标。认知科学认为，情绪和情感会极大影响决策过程。本文则讨论了审美体验如何对能够提升或削弱生态健康的决策产生影响。虽然众多实践已经证实令人愉悦的景观体验有益健康，但是这些体验不一定会促进生态健康。如何推动审美体验与生态健康二者相辅相成仍处于探索阶段。基于“文化可持续性”概念，本文阐释了如何在设计策略中利用审美体验，鼓励公众接纳高性能的生态系统，避免其因吸引力较弱或不被人熟悉而遭到破坏或抵制。本文从小尺度、可以被人迅速识别的景观特征出发，以“关怀线索”（cues to care）为例，剖析了如何通过改变人们的感知和情感反应来促进生态健康，并结合三个中国和美国的项目进行了讨论。本文期望引导读者思考：当城市面临气候变化带来的全新挑战时，审美体验在保护、恢复和营造生态良好景观的努力中能够发挥何种作用？如何通过设计人们可以迅速识别的景观特征来影响审美体验？

关键词

美学；景观感知；城市生态系统；基于自然的解决方案；绿色基础设施；生态设计

^Abstract

^{Ensuring human wellbeing and promoting ecological health are two central objectives in contemporary landscape architecture practice and adaption to climate change. Cognitive sciences recognize that affect and emotion play a critical role in human decision-making. This article describes how aesthetic experiences could affect decisions that support or undermine ecological health. While the wellbeing benefits of pleasant landscape experiences have been demonstrated empirically, aesthetic experiences may or may not promote ecological health. The question of how to better align the two remains under debate and investigation. Building on the concept of cultural sustainability, this article elucidates how aesthetic experiences can be used in design tactics to encourage societal acceptance for highly functioning ecosystems that otherwise may be destroyed or resisted for their unappealing or unfamiliar appearance. With examples from China and the United States, this article illuminates how fine-scale, immediately noticeable landscape characteristics, such as “cues to care,” can change perceptual and affective responses to promote ecological health. This article invites readers to reflect on what role aesthetic experiences may play in conserving, restoring, and creating ecologically sound landscapes as we face new challenges in the urban era of climate change, and how design can help construct aesthetic experiences with immediately noticeable landscape characteristics.}

^Keywords

^{Aesthetics; Landscape Perception; Urban Ecosystems; Nature-Based Solutions; Green Infrastructure; Ecological Design}

复杂景观的认知与设计：Mapping的作用、逻辑与机制研究

Cognition and Design of Complex Landscapes: The Function, Logic, and Mechanism of Mapping

作者：刘京一，张梦晗，李欣怡，陈崇贤  LIU Jingyi, ZHANG Menghan, LI Xinyi, CHEN Chongxian

摘要

Mapping为当代复杂景观研究与实践提供了新机遇，然而其自由多样的形式与复杂晦涩的内容也在一定程度上造成了困惑与质疑。深入探究Mapping的作用、逻辑及其启发设计的机制将有助于厘清其价值，促进其理解与应用。通过文献综述与案例归纳、实践与教学研究，本文试图具体回答三个问题：Mapping如何在表达与探索之间取舍、以何种逻辑结构组织信息、以何种机制启发设计？本文主要结论包括：1）Mapping虽具有面向观者表达的功能，但主要作用是服务制图者自身的探索活动，即设计者在构建既有信息复杂关系的过程中，形成新的认识、创造新的可能。2）虽然Mapping的形式、媒介与方法等千差万别，但它们组织信息的逻辑可大致归纳为五类，从简单到复杂依次为序列、矩阵、并行、网络与解构，它们在不同程度上反映了复杂景观自身的逻辑。3）Mapping通过一定逻辑框架下的信息与想法的汇集和连接，自下而上生成对场地的认知与设计，为根植于场地自身结构与演化过程的设计提供了可视化的操作载体。Mapping在实践与教学中的推广有助于增进设计师对复杂景观结构与过程的认知，跳出标准流程和强加文化符号的窠臼。

关键词

复杂景观；Mapping；认知逻辑；设计方法；非线性；景观设计

^Abstract

^{Being rich in form and obscure in content, mapping brings not only new opportunities, but also confusion and doubts to the research and practice of contemporary complex landscapes. Therefore, deep exploration of mapping’s function, logic, and mechanism in inspiring design is needed to help recognize the value of Mapping and promote its understanding and application. Through literature review, case studies, and the authors’ practice and teaching, this article attempts to answer three questions: Which function does Mapping emphasize, representation or exploration? What is the logic of mapping in arranging information? And what is the mechanism of mapping in inspiring design? The main conclusions of this article include: 1) Rather than viewer-oriented representation, mapping more often serves the cartographers themselves in their exploration activities, in which they develop new understandings and create new possibilities while constructing the complex relationship of existing information; 2) Despite the various forms, media, and methods, mapping’s logical structures in organizing information would converge into five types: sequence, matrix, parallel, network, and deconstruction reflecting to various degrees the logic of complex landscapes themselves; And 3) through collecting and connecting information and ideas with certain logical frameworks, mapping helps with bottom-up generation of cognition and design of the site, which provides a visual operation carrier that reflects the site’s structures and evolutionary processes. Applying mapping in teaching and practice can promote designers’ cognition on structures and processes of complex landscapes and get rid of the dogma of following standardized workflows or imposed cultural symbols.}

^Keywords

^{Complex Landscape; Mapping; Cognitive Logic; Design Method; Non-linearity; Landscape Design}

美杜莎的倒影——《想象之城》书评

The Reflection of Medusa: A Review of The City of Imagination

作者：陈峥能  Albert Zhengneng CHEN

摘要

瓦莱里奥•莫拉比托最近出版的《想象之城》一书质疑了景观解读的图像性概念，并探索了通过讲故事来阅读和呈现景观的可能性，这种景观强调景观设计学的文学性和交流性倾向。本文包括4个部分，分别从历史、认识论、方法，以及相关文学渊源（尤其是书中受到伊塔洛•卡尔维诺启发的部分）等方面对《想象之城》进行评述。作者认为，《想象之城》描绘了在图像与语言传统之间进行景观表现的历史范例；体现了旅行见闻的真实性，以及莫拉比托处理旅行记忆的方法；讲述了莫拉比托如何将故事叙述中认知的不完美性应用到他的经验主义方法中，以平衡对景观的实证主义解读；凸显了莫拉比托视觉语言中形式自治与诗歌传统之间的张力。本文探讨并进一步开启了可感知存在与虚构景观之间的本质对话，对人类栖居深层意义的解读与消费，以及实证主义与人文主义立场在这一学科中的认知矛盾与调和。

关键词

伊塔洛•旅行见闻；景观表达；阅读；会说话的绘画；故事讲述；伊塔洛•卡尔维诺

^Abstract

^{The lately published The City of Imagination by Valerio Morabito challenges the pictorial idea of landscape interpretation and explores the possibilities of storytelling to read and represent the landscape that focuses on the literary and communicative aptitudes of Landscape Architecture. The article reviews the book from the perspective of history, epistemology, method, and reception regarding its literary root, which is notably inspired by Italo Calvino. The review consists of four sections: First, word and image: the historical exemplars of landscape representation between pictorial and verbal tradition. Second, memory and foresight: the authenticity of travelogue and Morabito’s method of working with his travel memories. Third, truth and myth: how Morabito applies the cognitive imperfection in storytelling to his empirical approach that counterbalances the positivist reading of the landscape. And fourth, form and language: the tension between the formal autonomy and the bardic tradition in the visual language of Morabito. The article approaches and further opens the essential dialogues between the palpable existence and fictive landscape, the interpretation and consumption of the thick meanings in human inhabitation, and the cognitive antinomy and reconciliation of positivist and humanistic stances in the discipline.}

^Keywords

^{Travelogue; Landscape Representation; Reading; Verbal Drawings; Storytelling; Italo Calvino}

基于场所体验的空间营造——深圳市国际山公园街区公共开放空间设计

Placemaking Based on Site Experience—Landscape Design of Parkhill Commons in Shenzhen

作者：江湘蓉，秦晓晴，卡特里娜•奥尔蒂兹  JIANG Xiangrong, QIN Xiaoqing, Katrina ORTIZ

摘要

社区公园和街道等公共开放空间是居民日常进行社交和休闲活动的重要场所，其空间环境设计直接影响居民的场所体验。尽管已有较多学者从注意力恢复、压力舒缓等视角探究公共开放空间场所体验对使用者行为和身心的影响，但在设计实践中，这些理论成果较少被应用于相关设计实践中。本文以深圳市国际山公园街区公共开放空间设计项目为例展开探讨。项目团队梳理了相关研究成果，总结出具有健康促进作用的疗愈环境及社会资本友好型社区的相关空间特征；进而以此为设计目标，从空间分区、种植设计、服务设施、慢行街区方面制定了相应的设计策略，期望通过提升场所体验吸引和服务社区居民，创造富有活力、令人身心愉悦的公共开放空间，使社会效益最大化，进而形成具有凝聚力的慢行街区。项目建成后，项目团队通过实地回访了解了场地的实际使用情况和公众评价，评估了设计策略的成效。问卷调查和实地观察结果显示，项目的整体设计效果符合预期目标。本项目结论为社区级公共开放空间的设计实践提供了设计参考和依据，以期促进相关理论研究与设计实践的有效桥接。

关键词

社区公园；场所体验；公共开放空间；空间感知；注意力恢复；户外活动；慢行街区

^Abstract

^{Placemaking of public open spaces, such as community parks and streetscapes that are foundational to residents’ daily social and recreational life, can significantly influence their site experience. Scholars have explored the influence of such kind of experience on users’ behavioral, physical, and mental conditions from multiple perspectives including attention restoration and stress reduction. However, the findings are seldom applied in practice to convey certain design concepts. This article introduces the landscape design project of Parkhill Commons in Shenzhen. The project team reviewed relevant research findings, and characterized the health-promoting restorative environment and social-capital-friendly communities. Accordingly, strategies for activity zones, planting design, service facilities, and slow-traffic neighborhoods were proposed to enhance site experience and serve nearby residents by creating vital and pleasant community-level public open spaces, and to maximize the social benefits and reinforce community cohesion. After completion, the project team has investigated the site usage and the public’s evaluation, in order to stimulate reflections on design strategies. Results from the questionnaire survey and field observation show the effect of placemaking strategies on users’ site experience. This article provides references for placemaking practice of community-level public open spaces and is expected to help bridge the gap between theoretical research and design practice.}

^Keywords

^{Community Parks; Site Experience; Public Open Spaces; Spatial Perception; Attention Restoration; Outdoor Activities; Slow-Traffic Neighborhoods}

培育数字化集成城市系统：以加拿大卡雷拉瓦尔公园为例

Fostering Urban Digital Integrated Systems: The Case of Carrè Laval, Canada

作者：马丁娜•马扎雷洛，法比奥•杜阿尔特，西蒙娜•莫拉，里卡多•阿尔瓦雷斯，卡洛•拉蒂  Martina MAZZARELLO, Fabio DUARTE, Simone MORA, Ricardo ALVAREZ, Carlo RATTI

摘要

许多城市的政府部门应用数字技术来提高城市软硬件设施系统，以培育创业型社会，开创新型服务，提高市民生活质量，优化城市体验，提振地方经济。建设有传统基础设施的城市系统往往天然具有垄断性，而基于数据的数字平台可以促进多元利益相关方的参与。本文提出了混合型数字化集成城市系统的概念以及设计方法论，旨在将数字技术和实体设施融入到城市环境中。而后介绍了由麻省理工学院可感知城市实验室学生设计、笔者指导的设计项目，以加拿大拉瓦尔市卡雷拉瓦尔公园建设与改造项目为例，整合了数字技术并提出设计方案—6名学生在课程中每人提出一项设计方案，分别为“屏幕激活”“无限记忆”“论坛”“智能桌”“我的AR世界”和“饮食足迹”，这些设计能够促进公园改造项目建设进程中的公众参与。以人为本、因地制宜地进行方案设计可以促进数字技术与城市系统更好地融合，并增加城市对本地新兴利益相关方的吸引力，为他们营造新的城市体验。

关键词

城市环境；城市体验；公众参与；以人为本设计；数字化平台；教育；卡雷拉瓦尔公园

^Abstract

^{City governments are embracing digital technologies to improve hard and soft urban systems, so as to create and improve urban experiences, foster an entrepreneurial city, as well as devise novel services that can improve the livability of citizens and boost the local economy. Unlike traditional infrastructure and urban systems, which tend to be natural monopolies, data-driven digital platforms can engage multiple stakeholders simultaneously. This article, introducing the notion of hybrid urban digital integrated systems, proposes a methodology aims at the integration of digital and physical elements in urban environments. We based our discussion on the work developed by students at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Senseable City Lab, which focused on the integration of the digital-technology-based solutions in Carré Laval of the city of Laval, Canada. As the result of the workshop, six projects have been developed by students, namely, “Activating Surface,” “Infinite memories,” “Fora,” “iTable,” “MinecARft,” and “Foodprint.”These designs aim at promoting civic engagement as intrinsic elements of the re-appropriation and redesign of this severely underutilized site. The human-centered designs rooted in specific context will help digital technologies embedded in the city and increase the attractiveness of the city to local and new stakeholders.}

^Keywords

^{Urban Environment; Urban Experiences; Civic Engagement; Human-Centered Design; Digital Platforms; Education; Carré Laval}