《景观设计学》2021年第6期

俞孔坚·气候适应和韧性——《景观设计学》2021年第6期“主编寄语”

Climate Adaptation and Resilience, by Yu Kongjian

为应对全球气候变化，数十年来，国际社会做出了巨大的努力，无非两条途径：一是减排，二是适应。然而，全世界的目光似乎大多聚焦于减排或碳中和。直到最近，更凶猛的洪水淹没了街道并冲毁了房屋，更猛烈的火灾吞噬了山林，更干旱的天气让农民颗粒无收，更严酷的城市热浪威胁着人的生命……人们似乎才强烈地意识到，阔谈减排来实现气候的回归已经成为遥不可及的梦想。我们迫切需要摆脱眼前的困境，于是，2021年1月25~26日，联合国首届气候适应峰会（以下简称“峰会”）在线上召开，全球的目光投向了适应，这“应对气候不能被忽略的另一半”^[1]。

据《巴黎协定》所设定的目标，为了避免造成严重后果，全球气温升幅较工业化前水平必须控制在2℃以内，并向将升幅控制在1.5℃以内的目标努力。^[2]为此，必须在2050年前实现碳中和^[3]。然而，根据大自然保护协会（The Nature Conservancy）的测算，即使全球政府和企业已经采取了加快向清洁能源转型、提高能源利用效率的相关减排行动，我们也难以实现2℃的温控目标，更无从奢谈1.5℃^[4]。但具有讽刺意义的是，近年来，全世界在气候领域的绝大部分投资都投向了此类节能减排技术^[5]，却几乎忽视了基于自然的减排途径—如果动员及时，那么经济的、基于自然的减排途径（保护、恢复和改良全球森林，湿地和农业用地的土地管理行动）有望在2017~2030年间贡献37%的减排量，将全球气温升幅保持在2℃以下^[6]。

根据峰会报告，气候相关的灾难在过去三年中给全球造成了6 500亿美元的损失，超过了此间全球GDP的0.25%；而且预计到2100年时，如果全球气温上升2℃，将可能带来高达69万亿美元的损失^[7]~[9]。地球的气候韧性投资每提高1美元，便可以为其他方面节省6美元^[1]。联合国环境规划署（UNEP）2021年发布的《气候适应差距报告》指出，2019年，仅发展中国家每年的气候适应成本就高达约796亿美元；2030年时，这一数字将升至1 400~3 000亿美元，2050年将达到2 800~5 000亿美元^[10]。这些天文数字告诉我们，建设具有气候韧性的人居环境需要付出多大的努力；也告诉我们，基于自然、适应自然的建设途径具有多大的潜力！

正是在此背景下，基于自然的绿色基础设施和气候适应的海绵城市得到了空前的关注。UNEP、世界各地政府、各大银行也开始把注意力转向气候适应的对策和行动。尤其值得注意的是，近几年来，带有强烈中国特色的“海绵城市”概念和相关实践成为热点。Google搜索中“sponge city”的检索结果竟多达1亿条，几乎是“孔子”（Confucius）的两倍。而世界各大银行—包括世界银行、亚洲基础设施投资银行、欧洲复兴开发银行—都开始将目光转向基于自然的气候适应基础设施的投资，包括建设海绵城市和生态基础设施。仅仅在过去的两年时间中，我本人应邀为上述三大银行做了八场关于基于自然的气候适应、海绵城市和海绵星球的专题报告。

而当到了具体实施层面，我们又不得不需要对一些习以为常、甚至被认为是“先进”的理念和行动提出质问。比如，当科学告诉我们，森林和湿地在应对气候变化方面非常有效，我们却遇到了“河道管理范围内禁止种树”的规范，原因竟是树木会阻碍行洪，河道必须裁弯取直以保证高效的过洪断面；又比如，科学告诉我们，农林间作有利于促进农业生产，特别是生态农业需要有多样化的生境同时存在，我们却遇到了“永久基本农田禁止种树、挖塘”的规定，如此等等。于是，河流廊道失去了能适应气候和调节流量的湿地和河漫滩森林，田园失去了自我调节旱涝、截留和净化面源污染的湿地，维持生态平衡的生物栖息地和生物多样性也随之消失。第二次全国湿地资源调查结果显示，2009~2013年，中国自然湿地面积减少了337.62万公顷，减少率近10%^[11]。而根据本人主持的北京大学研究团队在安徽、重庆和云南的实际调查，中国广大乡村和农田景观中的陂塘和坑塘湿地消失了约30%。这意味着季风气候下，中国大地的气候适应能力相应下降，由此造成的损失不言而喻。

因此，如何基于自然、利用自然、适应自然，用科学的精神和系统的途径设计适应气候变化且富有韧性的绿色基础设施，有赖于跨越地理、农业、水利、市政等各个专业界面的协同设计。而这也正是景观设计所面临的重大挑战和机遇。

The international community has made great efforts over the past decades to cope with global climate change via two major countermeasures: carbon emission reduction and adaptation. At present, the world’s most attention is attached to carbon emission reduction or carbon neutrality. As more violent floods engulf roads and houses, stronger fire disasters rage across forests, more droughty weather steals harvests from farmers, and harsher urban heat waves threaten lives, we come to realize that carbon emission reduction helps little stop climate change. We are in urgent need to address climate change from a new perspective. As Climate Adaptation Summit 2021 (the Summit hereafter), the first of its kind hosted by the United Nations, held online on January 25 and 26, the international community shifted to the approaches of adaptation, since “adaptation cannot be the neglected half of the climate equation”^[1].

The Paris Agreement highlighted the exigency of “holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels” to significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change.^[2] To this end, humans need to take efforts for the goal of carbon neutrality by 2050^[3]. However, predicted by The Nature Conservancy, governments and enterprises across the globe to date have been focused on accelerating the transition to clean energy and improving energy efficiency, yet the corresponding action “still lags far behind what is necessary to keep the planet below 2 °C threshold of warming, and nowhere near what is required to stay below the 1.5 °C target”^[4]. Ironically, such mitigation projects have made up the vast majority of global total climate finance in last decades^[5], while nature-based mitigation approached have been neglected. If mobilized in time, the research points out that cost-effective natural climate solutions—conservation, restoration, and improved land management actions across global forests, wetlands, grasslands, and agricultural lands—can offer 37% of mitigation needed between 2017 and 2030 to keep global temperature rise below 2 °C.^[6]

The Summit reported that over the past three years, climate-related disasters have cost the world USD 650 billion, more than 0.25 percent of global GDP for those years, and the costs of damages from warming in 2100 for 2 °C will be USD 69 trillion^[7]~[9]. An assessment figures out that “for every dollar invested in climate resilient infrastructure, six dollars can be saved”^[1]. Adaptation Gap Report 2021 by United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) notes that climate finance flows to developing countries (for both mitigation and adaptation) reached USD 79.6 billion in 2019. It is estimated that the annual costs of adaptation in developing countries could be USD 140 ~ 300 billion by 2030 and 280 ~ 500 billion by 2050^[10]. These astonishing figures signify the huge potential of and enormous efforts required in building a climate-resilient living environment through nature-based and nature-adapted approaches!

Against this background, nature-based green infrastructures and climate-adaptive sponge cities are receiving unprecedented attention. UNEP, governments, and major banks across the globe start to put forward climate adaptation measures and actions. The concept of Sponge City that has distinctive Chinese characteristics become particularly a widely-discussed interest among international researchers and practitioners over the past few years. There are over 10 million pieces of Google search results of “sponge city,” almost twice that of “Confucius.” Major banks, including World Bank, Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, and European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, have set about investing in nature-based climate adaptation infrastructures such as sponge cities and ecological infrastructures. Over the past two years, I have delivered eight lectures on nature-based climate adaptation, sponge city, and sponge planet upon the invitation from above banks.

When it comes to implementation, we have to question the ideas or actions that are widely accepted or even “advanced” as so called. For instance, scientific knowledge proves that forests and wetlands are effective for mitigation of climate change, but existing regulations forbid to plant trees within the management areas of river courses (as trees could hinder flood drainage); It evidences that the combination of forest- and field-crops helps boost agricultural production (which is particularly true for eco-agriculture sites suffering from the loss of habitat diversity), which is also illegal under regulations such as tree planting and pond digging are not allowed in the permanent prime farmland. As a result, wetlands or floodplain forests that can contribute to climate adaptation and runoff regulation are being erased from river courses. Also, wetlands that help regulate droughts and floods and intercept and purify non-point-source polluted water bodies are being eliminated in farmlands, along with the disappear of wildlife habitats and biodiversity that are key to keeping ecological equilibrium. According to the Second Survey on National Wetlands^[11], in China, the area of natural wetland reduced by 3,376,200 hectares, a nearly 10% dropping from 2009 to 2013. The field investigation in Anhui, Chongqing, and Yunnan made by researchers from Peking University, led by the author, showed that ponds and pond wetlands in China’s rural areas and farmlands reduced by approximately 30%. Consequently, China’s climate adaptation capacity is dwindling, causing huge losses.

Therefore, collaborative design with experts from the fields of Geography, Agriculture, Hydraulic Engineering, and Civil Engineering is required to develop resilient climate-adaptive green infrastructures by scientifically and systematically leveraging the power of nature. This poses great challenges and opportunities for landscape architects.

_REFERENCES

_{[1] Guterres, A. (2021). Remarks to the Climate Adaptation Summit. UN Headquarters. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/speeches/2021-01-25/remarks-climate-adaptation-summit}

_{[2] United Nations. (2015). Paris Agreement. Retrieved from https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/english_paris_agreement.pdf}

_{[3] Guterres, A. (2021). Remarks to the Climate Adaptation Summit. Carbon neutrality by 2050: the world’s most urgent mission. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/articles/2020-12-11/carbon-neutrality-2050-the-world%E2%80%99s-most-urgent-mission}

_{[4] The Nature Conservancy. (n. d.). Playbook for Climate Action. Author. Retrieved from https://www.nature.org/content/dam/tnc/nature/en/documents/TNC_PlaybookClimateAction.pdf}

_{[5] Lamy, Y. S., Leijonhufvud, C., & O’Donohoe, N. (2021). The Next 10 Years of Impact Investment. Stanford Social Innovation Review. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.48558/XFK2-6N65}

_{[6] Griscom, B. W., Adams, J., Ellis, P. W., Houghton, R. A., Lomax, G., Miteva, D. A., … Fargione, J. (2017). Natural climate solutions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(44), 11645–11650. doi:10.1073/pnas.1710465114}

_{[7] Moomaw, W., Law, B., Ripple, W., Verkooijen, P., Huq, S., & Gordon, C. (2021). Global Scientists Call for Economic Stimulus to Address Climate Adaptation and Covid. Global Center on Adaptation. Retrieved from https://www.preventionweb.net/news/global-scientists-call-economic-stimulus-address-climate-adaptation-and-covid}

_{[8] DiChristopher, T. (2019, Feburary 14). Climate disasters cost the world $650 billion over 3 years—Americans are bearing the brunt: Morgan Stanley. CNBC. Retrieved from https://www.cnbc.com/2019/02/14/climate-disasters-cost-650-billion-over-3-years-morgan-stanley.html}

_{[9] Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Jacob, D., Taylor, M., Bindi, M., Brown, S., Camilloni, I., ... Zhou, G. (2018). Impacts of 1.5°C Global Warming on Natural and Human Systems. In V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, H.-O. Portner, et al. (Eds.), Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty. In Press. Retrieved from https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/chapter/chapter-3/}

_{[10]United Nations Environment Programme. (2021). The Gathering Storm Adapting to climate change in a post-pandemic world. Author. Retrieved from https://www.unep.org/resources/adaptation-gap-report-2021)}

_{[11]National Forestry and Grassland Administration. (2014). Main Results of the Second Survey on National Wetlands (2009-2013). Author. Retrieved from http://www.forestry.gov.cn/main/65/20140128/758154.html}

主编寄语

气候适应和韧性（俞孔坚）

论文

蓝绿基础设施对城市气候韧性构建的作用——基于共引文献网络的文献计量分析（蒋理，刘颂，刘超）

中国综合经济区碳达峰实现的时空差异研究（王逸，边天夏，黄贤金）

通过“交换策略”实现城市韧性：土耳其伊斯坦布尔市阿亚马马河廊道与阿塔图尔克废弃机场复兴计划（凯利·莉兰妮·梅因，约德·马布苏，拉菲·西格尔，尼斯·道古森·亚历山大，奥利维亚·塞拉，穆格·科穆尔库）

基于宫胁造林法的近自然城市森林数字化设计探索——以河北省绿博园邢台林为例（钱小琴，刘喆，赵天祎，白桦琳，孙娇，冯潇）

观点与评论

通过关联基础设施系统的适应性防灾减灾规划提升气候变化背景下的城市韧性（韩煜，黄啸，叶信岳，巴哈·达达肖娃）

对话布雷特·米利根：气候变化时代对创新、跨学科和适应性景观设计的倡议（布雷特·米利根，曾麓语，黄伊伟）

探索与过程

农圈再野化：以农野轮换促进英国威尔士坎布里安山脉后生产主义农村遗产景观再生（朱丞晋）

与自然共成长：用校园中的棉田打造自然学习基地（宫欣悦，奚雪松，安星润）

【中文刊名】《景观设计学》——气候变化与韧性人居环境

【英文刊名】Landscape Architecture Frontiers · Climate Change and Resilience of Human Settlements

【作者】蒋理（JIANG Li），王逸（WANG Yi），Kelly Leilani MAIN等

【出版社】高等教育出版社有限公司

【页码】136页彩色印刷

【刊号】ISSN 2096-336X

【出版日期】2021年12月

【定价】68.00元

蓝绿基础设施对城市气候韧性构建的作用——基于共引文献网络的文献计量分析

The Contributions of Blue-Green Infrastructure to Building Urban Climatic Resilience

—Bibliometric Analysis Based on Co-citation Networks

作者：蒋理，刘颂，刘超  JIANG Li, LIU Song, LIU Chao

摘要

在全球气候变化与城市可持续发展背景下，构建气候韧性已经成为城市地区应对气候变化风险的重要发展战略，其中蓝绿基础设施被视为提升城市韧性的重要潜在工具。尽管一些研究提到蓝绿基础设施可以通过增加自身的多样性、灵活性、冗余度、模块化和分散性来促进城市韧性，但对于在哪些领域促进、具体通过什么途径促进，以及促进的程度还缺乏针对性研究，无法支撑从韧性理论到规划设计实践的推进。本文通过Citespace文献计量工具识别出蓝绿基础设施对城市气候韧性的主要作用领域为应对城市洪涝、海平面上升和高温热浪风险，并具体分析了蓝绿基础设施在这三个领域中对城市气候韧性的作用，进而指出蓝绿基础设施内在作用机制是其自身的生物－物理特性和与其功能相似的其他基础设施组成模块化单元来吸收城市系统遭受的干扰和冲击，依靠网络化结构和作为庇护所来帮助系统在干扰和冲击后尽快恢复物理功能和社会关系。同时，本文指出，上述作用原理尚缺数据支撑、缺乏对生态－社会－经济综合利益评估，以及难以取得决策者和公众的信任是目前蓝绿基础设施在应用过程中遇到的主要问题和挑战。最后，本文试从科学研究、规划设计和实施管理等方面提出应对策略，以期为构建城市气候韧性提供思路。

关键词：气候变化；气候韧性；蓝绿基础设施；共引文献网络；基于自然的解决方案；应用问题；应对策略

Abstract

Against the backdrop of global climate change and in regards of urban sustainable development, enhancing climate resilience has become a critical strategy in adapting climate change for urban areas, where blue-green infrastructure is considered an important means. Although existing studies mention that blue-green infrastructure (BGI) can promote urban resilience by increasing its own diversity, flexibility, redundancy, modularization, and decentralization, questions like where to promote, by what specific means to promote and to what extent it could promote to are still lack of scientific exploration, leading insufficient support for applying resilience theory into planning and design practice.  This research recognizes the role of BGI in building climate resilience in the key fields of functioning—urban floods, sea level rise, and high temperature and heat waves—and summarizes that the common functioning mechanisms include the bio-physical properties of BGI, forming modular units with other infrastructures of similar functions, and the reliance on networked structures to help the system restore its physical functions and social connections as quickly as possible after disturbances and attacks. This paper also analyzes possible obstacles that hinder the promotion of BGI solutions—the lack of data support to BGI functioning mechanism, the lack of comprehensive assessment on ecological-social-economic benefits, and the difficulty in gaining confidence from decision-makers and the public. Finally, this paper proposes countermeasures from aspects of theoretical development, planning practice, and implementation and management, in order to offer insights for building urban climate resilience.

Keywords：Climate Change; Climate Resilience; Blue-Green Infrastructure; Co-citation Networks; Nature-Based Solutions; Applied Problems; Countermeasures

中国综合经济区碳达峰实现的时空差异研究

Research on Time–Space Differences in the Prediction of Carbon Peaking of China’s Comprehensive Economic Zones

作者：王逸，边天夏，黄贤金  WANG Yi, BIAN Tianxia, HUANG Xianjin

摘要

实现碳达峰、碳中和目标已成为各国参与全球气候变化治理的关键一环，中国碳达峰研究对于“中国于2030年前实现碳达峰”承诺的达成和路径的执行具有重要影响和现实支撑。本文构建了STIRPAT碳达峰时间预测模型，结合情景设置方法，对中国八大综合经济区碳达峰时间进行预测，并在全国层面分析碳达峰实现的可能路径。研究结果显示：各大经济区实现碳达峰时间差异较大，分为基准情景可达峰地区、条件约束下可达峰地区和条件约束下仍无法达峰地区。基准情景可达峰地区基于区域社会经济发展特征，具有主动达峰（大西南、东部沿海经济区）和被动达峰（东北经济区）的内部差异；条件约束下可达峰地区包括两大经济发达沿海经济区（北部沿海、南部沿海经济区）和主要能源输出经济区（黄河中游经济区）；条件约束下仍无法达峰地区为发展起步较晚的两大经济区（长江中游、大西北经济区）。本文结合各区域实际经济、人口、产业和能源等特征，提出保障区域发展公平均衡的全国协调的碳达峰路径倡议，并指出，不同区域采取差异化的达峰策略可能比所有区域同时采取单一产业或能源约束策略对碳排放增长更具约束力。

关键词：碳达峰；STIRPAT模型；情景分析；区域差异；八大综合经济区；碳排放强度

Abstract

Carbon peaking and carbon neutrality have become key agendas for countries to participate in global climate change governance. Research on China’s carbon peaking has a guidance significance for the actions to achieve a nationwide carbon peaking by 2030. This paper builds a STIRPAT model which, in combination with a scenario -setting method, predicts the carbon peaking time of eight comprehensive economic zones in China, and analyzes the possible path of achieving carbon peaking at national level. The result shows a disparity in carbon peaking time among the zones—there are zones that can achieve carbon peaking under baseline scenario; zones that can achieve carbon peaking under conditional scenarios; and zones that cannot achieve carbon peaking under any scenario. In the first group, the zones can achieve carbon emission through both active path (southwest and eastern coastal comprehensive economic zones) and passive path (northeast comprehensive economic zones) according to characteristics of regional socio-economic development. The second group includes two economic anchors (northern coastal and southern coastal comprehensive economic zones) and an energy-exporting center (the middle reaches of Yellow River comprehensive economic zone). Zones in the third group generally witness a late development (the middle reaches of Yangtze River and northwest comprehensive zones). Based on characteristics of regional economy, population, industry, and energy of each zone, this paper proposes an initiative that the achievement of a nationwide carbon peaking should take regional development equity into consideration, and presumes that making each zone adopts differentiated peaking strategies may have a stronger effectiveness in controlling carbon emission growth than making all zones adopt strategies constraining on single factors on industry or energy.

Keywords：Carbon Peaking; STIRPAT Model; Scenario Analysis; Regional Difference; Eight Comprehensive Economic Zones; Carbon Emission Intensity

通过“交换策略”实现城市韧性：土耳其伊斯坦布尔市阿亚马马河廊道与阿塔图尔克废弃机场复兴计划

Swap Strategy for Urban Resilience: Reviving the Ayamama River Corridor and Ataturk Decommissioned Airport in Istanbul, Turkey

作者：凯利·莉兰妮·梅因，约德·马布苏，拉菲·西格尔，尼斯·道古森·亚历山大，奥利维亚·塞拉，穆格·科穆尔库  Kelly Leilani MAIN, Joude MABSOUT, Rafi SEGAL, Nese DOGUSAN ALEXANDER, Olivia SERRA, Muge KOMURCU

摘要

自20世纪50年代以来，伊斯坦布尔阿亚马马河廊道因城市化发展不断退化。受全流域土地开发与气候变化的共同影响，洪水事件越发频繁，威胁着洪泛区中居民的生命财产安全。气候变化导致的极端降雨事件频率不断增加，且强度和持续时间都有所加剧，我们亟需采取措施降低易受损资产遭遇城市洪涝的风险。然而，伊斯坦布尔的开发密度极高且开放空间匮乏，既要为处于风险地区的建筑找到适宜的搬迁地点，又要为周边街区提供便利设施并非易事。已停用的阿塔图尔克机场或可提供机遇，帮助探究如何通过城市闲置地改造来提升城市的洪水适应能力。尽管当前的机场再开发方案提出要建设一个大型公园并添加全新的文化设施，但这一公园不仅缺乏能够与周边社区互动的基础设施，也难以帮助阿亚马马河应对严峻的环境挑战。本文提出了一种基于城市闲置地的“交换策略”，建议利用阿塔图尔克机场废弃场地来缓解阿亚马马河的开发压力。交换策略可在搬迁、复兴与再连接基础设施的同时，修复受损的洪泛区。随着气候变化影响的日益显著，这一城市发展的新概念期望推动规划师与设计师就废弃基础设施与大型城市闲置地的再利用达成共识，帮助减轻洪泛区的压力。同时由于搬迁距离短，该策略可在不降低搬迁居民生活质量及不影响企业生产活动的前提下，为河流修复项目提供空间。

关键词：城市洪水；气候适应；废弃基础设施；气候变化；河流修复；搬迁；适应性再利用

Abstract

The Ayamama River in Istanbul has been substantially degraded due to urbanization of the river corridor since the 1950s. Development throughout the watershed and climate change contribute to increasing severity of flash flooding events that threaten life and property in the floodplain. As the intensity, duration or frequency of extreme rainfall events continue to increase with climate change, it is imperative to reduce the risk of urban flooding to vulnerable assets. However, as Istanbul is a city famous for its density and lack of open space, finding suitable relocation sites for at-risk structures, while maintaining access to recreational amenities for the surrounding neighborhoods is a daunting task. The decommissioned Ataturk Airport provides a unique opportunity to re-imagine the utility of urban voids in helping cities adapt to increasing flood impacts. While the current airport redevelopment proposal includes the construction of a massive park and new cultural amenities, such a park lacks sufficient connective infrastructure to its surrounding neighborhoods and does little to alleviate the significant environmental challenges of its neighbor, the Ayamama River. In this paper, we explore the use of the decommissioned Ataturk Airport site to relieve development pressure from the Ayamama River by implementing a novel swap strategy for urban voids. The proposed swap strategy design methodology relocates, regenerates, and reconnects decommissioned infrastructures and degraded floodplains simultaneously. As the impacts of climate change become more prominent, this novel urban concept seeks to initiate a conversation amongst planners and designers around the use of decommissioned infrastructure and large-scale urban voids to help relieve pressure from urban floodplains. Meanwhile, it can make room for river restoration projects without decreasing the quality of life of relocated residents or negatively impacting relocated economic activities by identifying redevelopment sites in close proximity.

Keywords：Urban Flooding; Climate Adaptation; Decommissioned Infrastructure; Climate Change; River Restoration; Relocation; Adaptive Reuse

基于宫胁造林法的近自然城市森林数字化设计探索——以河北省绿博园邢台林为例

Digital Design Exploration of Nature-Approximating Urban Forest Basing on the Miyawaki Method: A Case Study of Xingtai Forest in a Hebei Green Expo Garden

作者：钱小琴，刘喆，赵天祎，白桦琳，孙娇，冯潇  QIAN Xiaoqin, LIU Zhe, ZHAO Tianyi, BAI Hualin, SUN Jiao, FENG Xiao

摘要

当下，中国城市森林的建设正处于高潮阶段，数字化技术的进步逐步推动着城市森林的发展。本文以近自然林业、潜在自然植被和新演替理论为理论基础，以“宫胁造林法”为实践基石，将经典理论与数字化技术结合应用，开展近自然城市森林的数字化设计探索。首先，文章梳理了近自然城市森林的发展历程，提出将数字化技术与近自然城市森林营建相结合的必要性。其次，借鉴“宫胁造林法”的相关步骤，提出近自然城市森林的数字化设计方法，包括“认知”“模拟”和“营建”三大步骤。最后，以河北省绿博园邢台林为例进行实证研究，分步解析近自然城市森林的数字化设计方法。具体的方法是：1）认知，通过植被调查研究自然群落特征，确定群落的关键参数；2）模拟，模拟自然群落构建目标群落，利用相关软件分析场地生境及划分目标群落类型，进行目标群落的类型设计和具体模式设计；3）营建，即数字化生成，利用Grasshopper结合Python脚本构建数字化生成运算集，代入关键参数的具体数值后即可生成种植设计图纸和相关苗木信息。该方法的建立为近自然城市森林的数字化设计提供了新的思路，能够推动更加科学、高效的城市森林建设。

关键词：风景园林；宫胁造林法；近自然城市森林；植物群落；数字化设计

Abstract

Driven by digital technologies, urban forest development is at its height in China. Guided by the theories of nature-approximating forestry, potential natural vegetation and new succession, and by the Miyawaki Method, this paper explores the digital design of nature-approximating urban forest by innovatively applying widely-accepted theories with digital technologies. The paper reviews the evolution of nature-approximating urban forest and discusses why it is essential to introduce digital technologies into this type of forest’s development. Based on the Miyawaki Method, this study proposes a three-step digital design approach to creating nature-approximating urban forest: cognition, simulation, and construction. Also, an empirical study on Xingtai Forest in a Hebei Green Expo Garden is conducted to analyze the digital design methods of nature-approximating urban forest. Steps include 1) cognition of plants to investigate characteristics of natural communities by collecting their key parameters; 2) construction of target communities by simulating natural communities, analyzing and classifying target habitats of designed communities by relevant software, and developing type and pattern designs of target communities; and 3) production of detailed construction schemes by utilizing Grasshopper and Python to generate digital generation clusters, after which planting design drawings and seedling information can be obtained by inputting values of key parameters. This method provides a new perspective on the digital design of nature-approximating urban forest, which helps facilitate urban forest development in an efficient way.

Keywords：Landscape Architecture; Miyawaki Method; Nature-Approximating Urban Forest; Plant Community; Digital Design

通过关联基础设施系统的适应性防灾减灾规划提升气候变化背景下的城市韧性

Adaptation Planning and Hazard Mitigation for Interdependent Infrastructure Systems to Enhance Urban Resilience Under Climate Change

作者：韩煜，黄啸，叶信岳，巴哈·达达肖娃  HAN Yu, HUANG Xiao, YE Xinyue, Bahar DADASHOVA

摘要

气候变化和自然灾害对人类社会造成了多方面的影响。城市规划与设计是应对气候变化和防灾减灾的有效手段。然而，由于城市基础设施系统间的关联性，城市系统遭受的由气候变化引发的风险及影响尺度繁多且复杂。规划者需要了解并评估自然灾害对关联基础设施的潜在风险及可能产生的连锁反应，制定应对这些影响的适应性规划策略。本文讨论了将社会和实体基础设施系统纳入适应性防灾减灾规划过程的机遇和挑战。适应性防灾减灾规划过程包括气候灾害评估、适应性规划目标确立、适应性战略制定及适应性政策实施。城市大数据和高性能计算资源的广泛使用可辅助城市规划者和决策者更好地应对气候变化和自然灾害所带来的复杂影响。为成功构建结合关联基础设施系统的适应性防灾减灾规划，需要解决气候预测的不确定性、适应性规划的制度性问题，以及城市大数据的代表性存疑等问题。上述问题可通过多学科专家共同合作，不同层级政府部门相互协调，以及开发更完善的数据保护机制和更健全的数据检测方法解决。

关键词：适应性规划；防灾减灾；关联基础设施系统；气候变化；城市韧性；大数据

Abstract

Climate change and natural hazards have created multiple impacts on human settlements. Urban planning and design are effective tools in dealing with climate adaptation and mitigation issues. However, climate risk and its impacts are multiscale and complex due to interdependence between urban infrastructure systems. Identifying adaptation strategies to cope with these impacts requires planners to understand potential interdependent and interrelated consequences of infrastructure failure under natural hazards, and evaluate cascading and cumulative effects of climate change. This article discussed opportunities and challenges to incorporate interdependent social and physical infrastructure systems in the adaptation planning and hazard mitigation process, including climate hazard assessment, adaptation goal identification, adaptation strategy development, and implementation. The availability of urban big data and high computational resources will enable urban planners and decision-makers to better deal with those complex impacts from climate change and natural hazards. Successful adaptation planning and hazard mitigation for interdependent infrastructure systems also needs to solve issues in uncertainties of climate projection, institutional barriers of adaptation, and challenges of urban big data. Potential solutions to these challenges would include cooperation among multi-disciplinary experts, coordination between different levels of governments, and developing the ethical framework for data protection and robust methodologies to detect and reduce data bias.

Keywords：Adaptation Planning; Hazard Mitigation; Interdependent Infrastructure System; Climate Change; Urban Resilience; Big Data

对话布雷特·米利根：气候变化时代对创新、跨学科和适应性景观设计的倡议

A Call for Innovative, Multidisciplinary Adaptive Landscape Design in the Age of Climate Change: Interview With Brett Milligan

作者：布雷特·米利根，曾麓语，黄伊伟  Brett MILLIGAN, ZENG Luyu, HUANG Yiwei

摘要

布雷特•米利根是一位致力于探究气候变化时代景观行业的未来发展的卓越学者。无论是研究还是实践，他都注重打破对于景观设计的固有观念。他的主要研究对象包括淤泥及其他河流沉积物；参与的实践项目也大多涉及跨学科协同设计，如大坝拆除及生态修复、三角洲栖息地营建等。他将景观本身视为一种动态过程，强调其流动性，以及人类对于景观过程的重要作用。在本文中，米利根就气候变化及其对景观设计所造成的影响等方面展开探讨，并指出我们人类应当敬畏景观自我演变的力量，并基于对这种景观力量的认知和尊重开展实践。在应对气候变化的景观设计实践中，需要更审慎地考虑项目的生命周期问题，同时综合考虑环境、居民、社区和沉积等外部因素，体现对包容性、多样性和人类及其他物种的正义。此外，需要引入公众参与，进一步完善跨学科协同设计方法。最后，米利根介绍了“设计研究”的相关方法，并表达了对推进设计成为一种严谨而独特的知识创造形式的期望。

关键词：气候变化；景观迁移；沉积物；基础设施；协同设计；设计研究

Abstract

Brett Milligan stands out among all the scholars studying the future of the landscape profession in the context of climate change. He studied unique subjects, such as mud and river sediments. His projects often go beyond the usual landscape architecture majors, such as ecological restoration after dam removal and delta habitat creation; His attitude towards landscape is also very characteristic. For example, he treats landscape as a process, believes that people are very important beings in the process of landscape, and that the fluidity of landscape should not be underestimated. Through this article, Milligan points out the responsibility to acknowledge, embrace, and use landscape forces in project planning and design. It is also required to bring about more humility in terms of how we conceptualize the lifespan of a project to cope with climate change impacts. He encourages us to think beyond externalities—such as environment, people, communities, and sediment—as a practice of inclusion, diversity, and justice for humans and others. Relatedly, the public should be included as part of refined transdisciplinary and co-design methods. In the end, he shares his vision of design as a rigorous and unique form of knowledge making through a new Research by Design track.

Keywords：Climate Change; Landscape Migration; Sediment; Infrastructure; Co-Design; Research by Design

以农野轮换促进英国威尔士坎布里安山脉后生产主义农村遗产景观再生

Paddock Rewilding: An Agri-wilding Scenario for a Regenerative Rural Heritage Landscape in Post-productivist Cambrian Mountains, Wales, UK

作者：朱丞晋  CHU Shing Chun Paul

摘要

长久以来集约化的农业生产已经引发出许多时下亟待解决的环境问题。在此背景下，“再野化”概念被引入学术研究领域，倡导生态中心主义，期望将原始荒野重新引入人工环境，使得开放连续的自然过程重新主导景观环境演替。随着欧洲国家的边缘农业用地撂荒现象不断加剧，再野化作为一种被动管理方式被广泛推行。然而，这种管理方式受到了世代以土地为生且习惯于主动土地管理方式传统的农牧民的强烈反对。本项目试图在遗产景观的永续使用和再野化这两种极端对立的土地利用观念间建立起协同关系，缓解因不间断的农耕与放牧所导致的植被覆盖率降低与土壤肥力流失问题。本项目以位于英国威尔士坎布里安山脉的庞塔费纳奇社区为例，受到本土“迁徙耕作”的轮作农耕方式启发，生成了“农圈再野化”的设计理念及相应方法论。这种景观干预方法融合了时间尺度、游牧传统和沿袭的公地权属机制，将农业景观视为在时间维度上的循环波动，建立起潜在的土地变化节律，设想了在更大范围的用地上实现“再野化”与“去野化”永续更迭的场景，期望建立平衡、可持续的土地管理范式。

关键词：再野化；可持续农地管理；景观遗产；迁徙耕作；新自由主义

Abstract

The historical agriculture intensification has left notable environmental issues pressing to be resolved these days. In this context, rewilding was introduced into science as an eco-centric approach to introduce pristine wilderness back into artificial environment and allow open-ended and continuous natural processes to regain dominance in landscape. This passive management approach flourishes as a result of marginal farmland abandonment across Europe, has meanwhile sparked debate with farmers who live off the land that historically embraces active management. Paddock Rewilding investigates a middle ground to mediate and create synergies in two conceptually polarized value systems of heritage landscape and rewilding to combat the loss of vegetative cover and soil fertility that has resulted from nearly a century of continual harvesting and livestock pasturing. Inspired by the indigenous pathway of “shifting cultivation,” a pilot community in Cambrian Mountains, Wales, UK—Pontarfynach has been selected to demonstrate the idea of Paddock Rewilding and corresponding landscape intervention. The intervention employs timescale, traditional movement of livestock, and the historical rights of the Common land to treat the landscape as a temporal gradient to unlatch the potential land rhythm, and explores how larger territories can be elaborated into a “permanently impermanent” rotational scenario between “Rewilding” and “Dewilding,” to offer a possible alternative to envision a balanced and sustainable land management paradigm.

Keywords：Rewilding; Sustainability Management; Farmland Landscape; Shifting Cultivation; Neoliberal Conservation

与自然共成长：用校园中的棉田打造自然学习基地

Growing With Nature: School Cotton Field for Nature-Based Learning

作者：宫欣悦，奚雪松，安星润  GONG Xinyue, XI Xuesong, AN Xingrun

摘要

“校园中的半亩棉田”是由中国农业大学携手清华附中永丰学校小学部、中国农业大学附属实验小学等学校共同发起的参与式校园景观营造项目。为回应当今社会在大中小学开展“劳动教育”的需求，响应国家关于涉农高校加强“耕读教育”的指导要求，本项目聚焦低效利用的校园绿化用地，种植棉花代替常见的景观植物，以大学及小学师生为参与主体，打造校园棉田耕读教育场地，并借助棉田场地开展棉田农事、棉艺创作等活动，构建以农历年为周期的创新型耕读教育模式。项目旨在让学生亲身参与农耕劳作，感受自然的力量，在劳动中启发创新与探索精神；引导学生回归生活，在与土地的连接中思考万事万物的本源，懂得珍惜身边的一草一木；让校园景观中的一隅充分发挥其场所价值，丰富校园中的劳动教育场景，在耕作中实现中华传统耕读文化的传承。

关键词：校园绿地景观；劳动教育；校园半亩棉田；自然；二十四节气

Abstract

“School Cotton Field” is a participatory landscape design project jointly initiated by China Agricultural University, Primary School Division of Tsinghua University High School Yongfeng, Primary School Affiliated to China Agricultural University, and other schools. To meet the call for labor education in schools at all levels, as well as the national guidance on strengthening farming–reading education in agricultural colleges, this project proposes to plant cotton, rather than common landscape vegetation underutilized green spaces on campus to create a site for farming–reading education, involving teachers, students, and their parents. The School Cotton Field provides opportunities for activities such as farming and cotton artworks making, establishing an innovative model of farming–reading education based on the Chinese calendar. The project allows students to get inspired for innovation and exploration by farming, and to learn the deep connections between human and nature, as well as the value of living creatures on the land in daily life. It also takes full advantage of the campus landscape to enhance its role in providing labor education, thus to revive the traditional Chinese farming–reading culture on modern campus.

Keywords：Campus Green Spaces; Labor Education; School Cotton Field Project; Nature; 24 Solar Terms