IFLA东区会议精神:定位景观设计学
前不久,在悉尼举行的国际景观设计师联盟(IFLA)东区会议中,各位代表的发言给我们提了个醒:我们不仅要加强对世界范围内日益多样的景观实践的关注,还要加深自己对于环境的理解(城市人口、农村人口对于环境的理解是不同的,不同区域、不同国家对于环境的理解也是不一样的)。
我们现在所能想到的最有意思的问题就是:环境是如何塑造我们的禀性以及生活方式的?我们又是怎样适应、回应环境的?早些年在澳大利亚,殖民者们为了让住宅在适应当地气候特点的同时又保持住殖民时代建筑的独特风格以及亲切感(对于殖民者而言),他们采用了在乔治亚式的建筑中加入走廊的方式,他们喜欢让环境适应自己的需要。现在我们拆掉了走廊,安装上了空调,这表示现在我们还是喜欢让环境适应我们自己的需要。
我们继续依仗高科技扮演着无所不能的角色,我们继续乐于让环境适应我们的需要。我们的行为应该是对我们的环境的回应,但是包括经济利益在内的各种压力和动机驱使我们对环境做出了过于草率的回应。经济动机很少欣赏“慢工出细活”,经济动机欣赏的是:在最短的时间内获得最大的回报。
虽然环境的变化是缓慢的、不明显的,但是对环境了解得越多,我们就越能感受到环境对于我们行为的约束力和影响力。我们民族身份的确立以及国家意识的形成都与环境息息相关,从这个方面来理解环境对于我们的影响再好不过了。
会议中有关新西兰项目的例子都是从新西兰那块土地里长出来的,这就是说你一看到这些例子就可以联想到新西兰,因为这些项目浸透着对于新西兰的环境、新西兰的人民,以及造就他们民族禀性的种种元素的深刻理解和认同。会中提到的有关澳大利亚的项目,也是建立在对本国环境以及社会特征的深度了解基础上的。项目大小不一,但是所有国家的优秀项目都很好地体现了对于人和环境的理解。
森林破坏、渔业减产、水资源不足、空气污染,以及由此而致的文化身份的丧失等危机——不仅是澳大利亚景观设计师所要面对的挑战,也是中国以及东南亚景观设计师当前所要面对的主要挑战。如何为传统花园设计以及传统农业景观管理融入专注于环境、文化回应的时代元素也是我们需要考虑的问题。
一位演讲人在大会中谈到:“过去20年里,中国很多城市的GDP增长率都高得惊人,但是每年由于环境和生态退化所造成的损失也高达7﹪-20﹪,这相当于、甚至高于每年的GDP增长率”。[1]
相应的,我们还面临着文化身份丧失的问题。“身份的危机在城市设计中尤为明显。当一位法国设计师为了实现他自己的梦想而将他的杰作(中国国家大剧院)移植到中国首都的腹地的时候,或者是当巨大的、功能紊乱的中央电视台新大楼的修建只是为了“创造迷惑的力量”(daniel Bumham)的时候,作为设计师我们必须扪心自问:我们到底想向世界呈现什么”。[2]
就像大会里面讲到的,比起传统景观,现在的景观项目规模都很大,项目所服务的人群也不一样了。在景观设计师手中演绎出来的优秀景观,不仅体现了环境意识,还体现了精神蕴涵。“景观基础设施是一个融会贯通了各种过程的界面,在这个界面上,自然、人、神复归统一。景观基础设施是一个有效的景观安全格局,这个安全格局不仅保护着我们的生态环境完整性,还保护着我们的文化身份,并为人们的精神需要提供着保障。”[3]
目前,国际景观设计师联盟(IFLA)加强了与联合国教科文组织(UNESCO)、世界遗产中心( WHC)、联合国人居署(UN Habitat)、 国际建筑师协会(UIA)、国际城市与区域规划师学会(ISoCARP )等政府机构和民间组织的合作,共同支持解决有关全球环境与文化的问题。
IFLA目前的工作就是通过“对话”与“教育”这两个主要工具展开的。现在在澳大利亚,景观设计师已经得到了广泛的认同。而仅仅在40年前,澳大利亚还没有一个教授景观设计的学校、没有一本有关景观的书,景观设计不仅没有得到政府的认可,也没有得到任何政策、项目的支持,可以说,当时想要定义我们的学科可谓是举步维艰。
目前在中国,只有很少的教授景观设计的学校,但是现在到了景观设计学扮演主要角色的时候了。“中国现在正处于重塑城乡景观的关键时刻。城市化、全球化以及唯物质主义把景观设计推到了应对挑战的前沿,这些挑战包括:寻找解决能源与环境危机的方法,重拾文化身份,重建精神与土地的联系。
景观设计学之所以能够在处理这些世界性挑战中扮演重要角色,是因为景观设计学是协调发生在景观上的一切问题的最为可行的界面——在景观这个界面上各种自然的、生态的过程,文化的、历史的过程,以及精神的过程都协调了起来。”[4]
不管是在景观的发现过程中,还是在景观的再发现过程中,景观设计学都是属于未来的学科。景观是协调、融会各种自然的、文化的、精神的过程的界面。像IFLA这样具有代表性的景观设计师协会,不仅有义务提醒景观设计师对于本地以及全球的责任,还应该促进景观设计师的协同合作。
注释:[1] [2] [3] [4]均引自俞孔坚在IFLA东区会议(2006年5月,悉尼)上所作的主旨报告。
作者:James Hayter 国际景观设计师联盟(IFLA)东区副主席、澳大利亚景观设计师协会理事(FAILA)
IFLA Eastern Region conference: Positioning Landscape Architecture
IFLA News No.66, July, 2006
James Hayter, FAILA, Vice President, IFLA Eastern Region
The presentations at the recent IFLA Eastern Region conference in Sydney reminds us not only of the increasingly diverse nature of landscape architectural practice throughout the world, but also the continuing underlying theme of environmental perceptions which varies between urban and non-urban populations, within regions and across countries.
One of the most interesting questions we can speculate on is how our environments have shaped our character and way of life, and how we have adapted or responded. We will all continue to adapt our environments to our own needs – adding a verandah to a Georgian box was an early means of responding to climate in Australia whilst retaining the familiarity and aesthetic of colonial architecture, and yet now we revert back to removing the verandah and installing air conditioning, preferring to adapt the environment to us.
We will continue to live as technological man, preferring to adapt the environment to our needs. Our behavior is a response to our environment, and so it should be, and a result of the many and varied forces and motives driving us, including economics. Economic motives are always complex with short-term gain rarely appreciated in terms of long-term consequences.
The greater the understanding we have of our environment, the more we understand its constraints and the effects of our behavior where changes are slow and outcomes might not be visible for many years. There is no better reason to understand our environment than its influence on identity and national consciousness.
The New Zealand projects illustrated at the conference were clearly from that country, imbued with a deep-felt and realized understanding of the New Zealand environment, its people and the qualities that characterize them. The same applies with those projects from Australia – these showed that Australian landscape architecture has come of age in terms of social and environmental identity. Scale varies, but the best projects in both countries share the commons threads of understanding the man-environment interface.
The challenges of forest destruction, fishery depletion, water scarcity, air pollution and the resulting loss of cultural identity may seem outside of our immediate sphere of influence in Australia, yet landscape architects in China and South East Asia are seeing this as their primary challenge, building on traditions of garden design and management of traditional agricultural landscapes to offer contemporary alternatives focused on environmental and cultural responses.
According to one speaker, “While the GDP growth rate in the past twenty years is at an astonishing number in most Chinese cities, the annual loss caused by the environmental and ecological degradation is 7 – 20% of the GDP, which is about equal to, or even higher than, the annual GDP growth”. 1
Equally destructive is the loss of cultural identity. “This identity crisis is particularly obvious in the area of urban design. When a French designer put his masterpiece (the National Grand Opera House) into the center of China’s capital to realize his own dream, or when the majestic but ‘dysfunctional’ Central TV Tower is built only for the “power to bewitch” (Daniel Burnham), we must, as designers, ask ourselves what are we trying to show the rest of the world?” 2
As illustrated at the conference, the scale of projects is large as traditional landscapes are transformed and populations displaced. The best of these projects by landscape architects reveals not only an environmental consciousness, but also the spirit that is contained within the landscape. “... landscape infrastructure becomes an integrated media of various processes that bring nature, man and spirit together, it is the efficient landscape security pattern that safeguards ecological and environmental integrity, cultural identity and provides for people’s spiritual needs.”3
At a global level, the International Federation of Landscape Architects (IFLA) joins UNESCO, the World Heritage Centre, UN Habitat, the International Union of Architects (UIA), the International Society of City and Regional Planners (ISoCARP) and other government and non-government organizations supporting those addressing global environmental and cultural issues.
IFLA’s key tools are dialogue and education – in Australia we take for granted the presence of landscape architects now, but only 40 years ago there were no schools of landscape architecture, no publication, no recognition by government of the profession, nor policies or programs that collectively define our discipline.
In China, there are very few schools of landscape architecture and yet landscape architecture as a profession can play a key role. “China is now at an age of reshaping the rural and urban landscape. Urbanization, globalization and the spread of materialism have positioned landscape architecture as a profession to address three major challenges/opportunities in the coming decades: finding solutions to energy and environmental crisis, regaining cultural identity and the building of a spiritual connection to the earth.
The significance of landscape architecture as a profession in dealing with these worldwide challenges lies in the fact that landscape architecture is the most legitimate profession that acts on landscape – the media where natural and biological processes, cultural and historical processes, and spirit interact and can be harmonized.”4
In either the discovery or recovery of the landscape, landscape architecture is the profession of the future. The landscape is the medium where natural, cultural and spiritual processes collectively rest. Representative organizations like IFLA have a role to play in reminding us of our local and global responsibilities and the need to act on both.
1,2,3,4 Kongjian Yu, Keynote Speech. IFLA Eastern Region Conference, Sydney, May 2006