美国方塔纳城市绿化总体规划设计 | DESIGNWORKSHOP

方塔纳市位于美国加利福尼亚州内陆半干旱地区，居住环境空气质量要劣于加州95%的人口普查区。另外，方塔纳的森林覆盖率仅0.36%，明显低于洛杉矶盆地的其他城市。这些统计数据可能预示着更大的风险，因为该市邻近主要交通廊道和重要工业中心，频繁发生区域野火，且预计人口将持续增长，然而其景观规划却过时而松散，难以应对发展压力。

Landlocked within California’s semi-arid Inland Empire, residents of Fontana are exposed to air quality that is worse than 95% of census tracts in California. Its urban forest – a mere 0.36% coverage – is distinctly less than other communities in Los Angeles Basin. This statistic, when considered with the influence of major transportation corridors, notable industrial hubs, frequent regional wildfires, and projected population growth, is at further risk as outdated and unconsolidated landscape regulations face increased development pressures.

▼方塔纳的树冠覆盖率明显低于加州其他地区 

Tree canopy distinctly less that other communities © Southern California Association of Governments

方塔纳市和南加州政府协会(SCAG) 在意识到这些统计数据背后的危机后，委托景观设计师进行城市绿化总体规划，实现增加全市冠层，改善多模式交通，促进经济发展，整合各种规程，并更新政策以改善城市风貌，节约用水和减少维护等目标。此外，景观设计师还进一步探索了如何通过规划直接改善空气质量。

规划创造了多尺度的绿色基础设施愿景，从而影响城市发展模式，改善个体健康，提高生活品质，并为社区和整个盆地创造更具弹性的未来。

Recognizing these statistics, the City of Fontana and The Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG) commissioned the landscape architect to craft an Urban Greening Master Plan to increase citywide tree canopy, improve multi-modal mobility, catalyze economic development, consolidate various regulations, and update policies to improve visual character, conserve water and reduce maintenance. Beyond such goals, the landscape architect elevated the project’s purpose to explore how such a plan can directly improve air quality.

The Plan creates a multi-scalar, green infrastructure vision that influences development patterns, improves individual health and quality of life, and creates a more resilient future for the community and greater Basin.

▼区域背景 

Regional context © Design Workshop, Inc.

在单棵树尺度上

At the Individual Tree Scale 

景观设计师使用i-Tree和国家树木效益计算器（National Tree Benefits Calculator，NTBC）对该市现有的71574棵行道树进行了初步分析，并对不同树种确立量化效益，包括:1)大气碳吸收量；2)暴雨截流能力；3)地产增值效益；4)节能效果和5)年度经济效益。如今，方塔纳的行道树每年能带来680万美元的收益。在社区的参与下，景观设计师和树木学家将这些措施与其他环境因素综合起来，形成了独特的树木种植配方。

The landscape architect conducted an initial analysis of the city’s 71,574 existing street trees using the i-Tree and National Tree Benefits Calculator. Quantitative benefits, including 1) Atmospheric Carbon Absorption; 2) Stormwater Interception; 3) Property Value Increase; 4) Energy Conservation; and 5) Annual Dollar Benefits, were identified for individual species. Today, Fontana’s street tree inventory accounts for $6.8 million of annual benefits. With community input, the landscape architect and arborist synthesized these measures with other environmental considerations and produced a distinct tree palette.

▼城市绿化及空气质量研究 

Urban greening and air quality study © Southern California Association of Governments

在场地尺度上

At the Site Scale

除了推荐单个树种，设计团队还思考了如何将城市绿化融入城市形态。景观设计师从每个层级的街道与土地类型中选出部分街道与示范区优先进行设计，在优化功能的同时最大限度地发挥城市绿化潜力。随后对每种类型在场景改造前后的差异进行考察，评价指标包括冠层覆盖度、景观面积、透水和不透水面积以及温室气体减少量等。

Advancing beyond recommending individual species, the team considered how to integrate urban greening into urban morphology. The landscape architect selected a series of priority streets covering all street hierarchies and example sites from each land-use typology, then applied designs that maximized potential for urban greening while optimizing function. Each typology was then measured in before and after scenarios. Metrics include canopy coverage, landscape area, permeable and impermeable surface, and greenhouse gas reduction.

▼步行友好的混合街区 

Walkable Mixed-use © Southern California Association of Governments

在全市尺度上

At the Citywide Scale

规划的研究范围从场地尺度扩展到全市，建立了未来实施的市域性框架，包括绿色街道和绿色场所等。绿色街道是由最佳愿景下的街道、经过绿化的高速公路和城市门户共同组成的绿色系统网络。绿色场所则包括所有土地类型的最佳愿景。

Taking the site-scale studies to a citywide scale, the Plan established a citywide - framework for future implementation. The framework incorporates green streets and green places. Green streets are composed of best scenarios of all street types, vegetated highways and gateways, achieving a connected green system. Green places include best scenarios of all land use typologies.

▼绿色街道-谢拉大街 

Green street-Sierra Avenue © Southern California Association of Governments

▼绿色街道-山麓大道 

Green street-Foothill Boulevard © Southern California Association of Governments

▼各种类型的绿色场所 

Green places © Southern California Association of Governments

总之，在双语社区的参与下，设计团队实施了四步规划过程——发现、指导、优先排序和实施。这个适用于其他社区的规划预计在2050年将树冠覆盖率提高到5%，即实现超过1300%的转型增长，这一远大目标很快就推动了政策的改变。如今，规划被纳入总体规划的一部分，通过一致而富有远见的指导，强化对政策的支持，从而改变方塔纳的建成环境。

In summary, through bilingual community engagement, the design team implemented a four-step planning process – Discover, Guide, Prioritize, and Implement. Transferable in its approach for other communities, the Plan achieved immediate policy change with its ambitious, long-term goal of increasing tree canopy coverage to 5% by 2050 – a transformational increase of over 1300%. Today, the Plan is becoming adopted as part of the General Plan, achieving a consolidated, visionary and policy-reinforced guide to transform Fontana’s built environment.

▼四步规划过程 

Planning process © Design Workshop, Inc.

_项目标题 

_{空气质量，场所营造和空间平等：方塔纳城市绿化总体规划 | Design Workshop, Inc.} 

_项目信息 

_{项目名称：空气质量，场所营造和空间平等：方塔纳城市绿化总体规划}

_{项目地点：Fontana, California, USA  方塔纳，加利福尼亚，美国}

_{设计公司：Design Workshop, Inc.} 

_{交通规划：Nelson\Nygaard}

_{灌溉设计：Hines Inc.} 

_{种植设计：Class One Arboriculture}

_{委托方：Southern California Association of Governments and the City of Fontana} 

_{图片来源：Design Workshop, Inc.}

_{所获奖项：2021 WLA 2021 概念-分析&规划 WLA Conceptual - Analysis & Planning}

_{Project Name: Air Quality, Placemaking and Spatial Equity: The Fontana Urban Greening Master Plan}

_{Location: Fontana, California, USA} 

_{Client/Owner: Southern California Association of Governments and the City of Fontana}

_{Landscape Architecture/Urban Planning: Design Workshop, Inc.}

_{Kurt Culbertson, FASLA (Principal)}

_{Jason Ficht (Project Manager)} 

_{Xiaojian Fan (Landscape Designer)}

_{Chen Liu (Landscape Designer)}

_{Transportation Planning: Nelson\Nygaard, Los Angeles, CA} 

_{Irrigation Design:Hines Inc. Fort Collins, CO}

_{Arborist: Class One Arboriculture, Glendale, CA}

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_{投稿邮箱：info@landscape.cn}

_{项目咨询：18510568018（微信同号）}